A Review on Neem Leaves Valorization Through Advanced Briquetting and Carbonization Technologies

• Babagoni A. ADAM

  Author

• Muhammad B. MAINA

  Author

• Muhammad SHUWA

  Author

• Abba B. MUHAMMAD

  Author

This review systematically examines the valorization of neem (Azadirachpa indica) leaf waste through briquetting and carbonization technologies. The methodology involved a comprehensive synthesis of peer-reviewed literature published between 2015 and 2025, including comparative analysis of feedstock properties, evaluation of hydraulic press modification frameworks, and assessment of carbonization techniques such as brick kiln systems. Neem leaves, an abundant urban waste, present processing challenges including low bulk density (80–150 kg/m³), high ash content (8–15%), and poor natural binding capacity. The review consolidates technological modifications to hydraulic jack presses such as optimized compression geometry (length-to-diameter ratio of 4:1–6:1), improved ejection mechanisms, integrated feedstock preparation, and the use of local binders like Danwake starch wastewater which are projected to increase production rates by 100% and enhance briquette calorific value by 25–30%. Carbonization as a pretreatment is reviewed for its ability to upgrade fuel quality, raising the higher heating value from approximately 18 MJ/kg to 31.6 MJ/kg. A critical research gap is identified: no experimental studies currently address the adaptation of brick kiln carbonization for leafy biomass, particularly regarding preprocessing requirements, loading configurations, temperature control, and emission management for high‑volatile feedstocks. The integrated technological pathway offers a promising solution for waste reduction, improved energy access, and socio‑economic benefits in resource‑constrained settings, though systematic experimental validation of brick kiln systems remains necessary.

• FJET_21_29_29

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